Awe

Passages

Every passage tagged with this emotion in the Vela corpus. Search the body text, narrow by source or register, click through to a book’s profile to see how the passage sits with the rest of the work.

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• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  The greatest painters and sculptors have exhausted the resources of their genius in representations of Christ; but neither color nor chisel nor pen can do more than produce a feeble reflection of the beauty and glory of Him who is the Son of God and the Son of Man. Among modern biographers of Christ, Dr. Sepp (Rom. Cath., Das Leben Jesu Christi, 1865, vol. VI. 312 sqq.) defends the legend of St. Veronica of the

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  He claims to have come into this world for the purpose to save the world from sin—which no merely human being can possibly do. He claims the power to forgive sins on earth; he frequently exercised that power, and it was for the sins of mankind, as he foretold, that he shed his own blood. He invites all men to follow him, and promises peace and life eternal to every one that believes in him. He claims pre-existence before Abraham and the world, divine names, attributes, and worship. He disposes from the cross of places in Paradise. In directing his disciples to baptize all nations, he coordinates himself with the eternal Father and the Divine Spirit, and promises to be with them to the consummation of the world and to come again in glory as the Judge of all men. He, the humblest and meekest of men, makes these astounding pretensions in the most easy and natural way; he never falters, never apologizes, never explains; he proclaims them as self-evident truths. We read them again and again, and never feel any incongruity nor think of arrogance and presumption. And yet this testimony, if not true, must be downright blasphemy or madness. The former hypothesis cannot stand a moment before the moral purity and dignity of Jesus, revealed in his every word and work, and acknowledged by universal consent. Self-deception in a matter so momentous, and with an intellect in all respects so clear and so sound, is equally out of the question. How could He be an enthusiast or a madman who never lost the even balance of his mind, who sailed serenely over all the troubles and persecutions, as the sun above the clouds, who always returned the wisest answer to tempting questions, who calmly and deliberately predicted his death on the cross, his resurrection on the third day, the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, the founding of his Church, the destruction of Jerusalem—predictions which have been literally fulfilled? A character so original, so complete, so uniformly consistent, so perfect, so human and yet so high above all human greatness, can be neither a fraud nor a fiction. The poet, as has been well said, would in this case be greater than the hero. It would take more than a Jesus to invent a Jesus. We are shut up then to the recognition of the divinity of Christ; and reason itself must bow in silent awe before the tremendous word: "I and the Father are one!" and respond with skeptical Thomas: "My Lord and my God!" This conclusion is confirmed by the effects of the manifestation of Jesus, which far transcend all merely human capacity and power. The history of Christianity, with its countless fruits of a higher and purer life of truth and love than was ever known before or is now known outside of its influence, is a continuous commentary on the life of Christ, and testifies on every page to the inspiration of his holy example.

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  It marks the beginning of the dispensation of the Spirit, the third era in the history of the revelation of the triune God. On this day the Holy Spirit, who had hitherto wrought only sporadically and transiently, took up his permanent abode in mankind as the Spirit of truth and holiness, with the fulness of saving grace, to apply that grace thenceforth to believers, and to reveal and glorify Christ in their hearts, as Christ had revealed and glorified the Father. While the apostles and disciples, about one hundred and twenty (ten times twelve) in number, no doubt mostly Galilaeans,257 were assembled before the morning devotions of the festal day, and were waiting in prayer for the fulfilment of the promise, the exalted Saviour sent from his heavenly throne the Holy Spirit upon them, and founded his church upon earth. The Sinaitic legislation was accompanied by "thunder and lightning, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud, and all the people that was in the camp trembled."258 The church of the new covenant war, ushered into existence with startling signs which filled the spectators with wonder and fear. It is quite natural, as Neander remarks, that "the greatest miracle in the inner life of mankind should have been accompanied by extraordinary outward phenomena as sensible indications of its presence." A supernatural sound resembling that of a rushing mighty wind,259 came down from heaven and filled the whole house in which they were assembled; and tongues like flames of fire, distributed themselves among them, alighting for a while on each head.260 It is not said that these phenomena were really wind and fire, they are only compared to these elements,261 as the form which the Holy Spirit assumed at the baptism of Christ is compared to a dove.262 The tongues of flame were gleaming, but neither burning nor consuming; they appeared and disappeared like electric sparks or meteoric flashes. But these audible and visible signs were appropriate symbols of the purifying, enlightening, and quickening power of the Divine Spirit, and announced a new spiritual creation. The form of tongues referred to the glossolalia, and the apostolic eloquence as a gift of inspiration. "And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit." This is the real inward miracle, the main fact, the central idea of the Pentecostal narrative. To the apostles it was their baptism, confirmation, and ordination, all in one, for they received no other.263 To them it was the great inspiration which enabled them hereafter to be authoritative teachers of the gospel by tongue and pen. Not that it superseded subsequent growth in knowledge, or special revelations on particular points (as Peter receive at Joppa, and Paul on several occasions); but they were endowed with such an understanding of Christ’s words and plan of salvation as they never had before. What was dark and mysterious became now clear and full of meaning to them.

• From The Erotic Mind (1995)

  • An integration of opposites, most notably a healing of the traditional mind/body split and a bridging of the gap between masculine and feminine.6 Those who have transcendent experiences during peak sex usually don’t consciously seek them out. Instead these experiences unfold naturally from a level of participation so all-encompassing and free that the self is unexpectedly released from its normal constraints. Carla’s story captures the feeling: My boyfriend and I had been driving around all day, exploring new and exciting places. It began to rain and soon thunder and lightning followed. We both had the same idea: let’s get a bottle of champagne and drive up to Twin Peaks to watch the city being drenched by this incredible storm. We cheered when we found no one else there. As we sipped our champagne and talked there was an uncanny chemistry between us. Sometimes we would talk, sometimes kiss, sometimes be silent, holding hands, listening to the rain as it beat upon the windshield, watching and feeling it seep through the slightly opened windows. Our breath was taken away when bolts of lightning lit up the sky and thunder rumbled. Soon we were embracing. Our kisses matched the rhythms of the storm. When we made love it seemed so much more beautiful than any time before. Maybe it was the awesome power of the storm combined with the fact that we could be caught at any moment? All I can say is that we both felt a high afterward (and it wasn’t the champagne because we had very little). The feeling was more mystical, meditative. I walked a bit lighter for several days. Theirs is a marvelous synchronicity of time and place, a union of love and lust joined with the majestic forces of nature. During transcendent experiences, with or without an overtly erotic component, the perception of oneself as a part of the natural world is often the catalyst that draws the participants into the larger universe. Surely the spirit of adventure that Carla and her boyfriend shared throughout the day also primed them for the ecstasies to follow. This is definitely not a safe encounter. Whereas most of us would retreat indoors at the first sign of a thunderstorm, these two seek out a mountaintop, eager to be closer to and revel in the danger and drama that moves them so deeply. In peak eroticism, as in all of life, lucky moments often happen to those willing to go out on a limb. Transcendent moments sometimes lead to growth because they shake up and enlarge our perceptions so that apparent contradictions can be tolerated and integrated. Like Carl Jung before him, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has pointed out that in growing we simultaneously become both more separate and more interconnected:

• From The Erotic Mind (1995)

  Following a flow [peak] experience, the organization of the self is more complex than it had been before. It is by becoming increasingly complex that the self might be said to grow. Complexity is the result of two broad psychological processes: differentiation and integration. Differentiation implies a movement toward uniqueness, toward separating oneself from others. Integration refers to its opposite: a union with other people, ideas and entities beyond the self. A complex self is one that succeeds in combining these opposite tendencies.7 When we surrender to a transcendent experience, we glimpse our universal aspects, moving beyond the limitations of the ego and its illusions of separateness. Yet the great paradox of transcendence is that while self-consciousness totally disappears, we know more clearly than at any other time exactly who we are. TRANSCENDENCE AND SPIRITUALITYTranscendence and spirituality are closely related. Those who have some familiarity with spiritual practices—meditation, for instance—or who have had mystical or religious experiences may be more likely to recognize moments of transcendence in their erotic lives. Unfortunately, for our ability to recognize the spiritual aspects of eroticism, in most of the world’s great religions, transcendence is of the spirit, whereas the joys of the body occupy a lower realm. Therefore, if you have been influenced by the teachings of virtually any organized religion, you probably believe, subconsciously at least, that sexual ecstasy and spiritual awareness are incompatible. Even though transcendent eroticism usually happens quite by accident—an unexpected gift—certain techniques can help anyone actively explore the mystical dimensions of the erotic.8 One of the best-known approaches is Tantra. Both a vision and set of practices, Tantra is said to have developed thousands of years before Christianity as an offshoot of Hinduism in India. Initially, it was a reaction to the belief that the denial of sexuality was necessary for enlightenment (sound familiar?). Tantra recognizes eros as a vital life force. It seeks to mobilize and shape—rather than to suppress—erotic energies as a pathway to the divine. Although many Westerners find their ideas too strange to be of interest, Tantric practitioners believe that ecstasy is most likely to occur when relaxation and high states of excitement are combined. Rather than having tension build until it culminates in orgasmic release, Tantra calls for relaxing into arousal. It advocates recirculating erotic energy for extended periods, which sometimes results in orgasms that are long-lasting and not particularly genitally focused. If we weren’t so conflicted about eroticism I have no doubt that many of us would be much more cognizant of its transcendent and spiritual aspects. Peak erotic experiences are perfectly suited to transcendence because they engage us totally, enlarge our sense of self by connecting us with another or with normally hidden dimensions of ourselves or both, and expand our perceptions and consciousness. What a pity so few of us are encouraged to discover all of eros’s gifts.

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  Jesus could not have been born at any other time than in the reign of Caesar Augustus, after the Jewish religion, the Greek civilization, and the Roman government had reached their maturity; nor in any other land than Palestine, the classical soil of revelation, nor among any other people than the Jews, who were predestinated and educated for centuries to prepare the way for the coming of the Messiah and the fulfilment of the law and the prophets. In his infancy, a fugitive from the wrath of Herod, He passed through the Desert (probably by the short route along the Mediterranean coast) to Egypt and back again; and often may his mother have spoken to him of their brief sojourn in "the land of bondage," out of which Jehovah had led his people, by the mighty arm of Moses, across the Red Sea and through "the great and terrible wilderness" into the land of promise. During his forty days of fasting "in the wilderness" he was, perhaps, on Mount Sinai communing with the spirits of Moses and Elijah, and preparing himself in the awfully eloquent silence of that region for the personal conflict with the Tempter of the human race, and for the new legislation of liberty from the Mount of Beatitudes.163 Thus the three lands of the Bible, Egypt, the cradle of Israel, the Desert, its school and playground, and Canaan, its final home, were touched and consecrated by "those blessed feet which, eighteen centuries ago, were nailed for our advantage on the bitter cross." He travelled on his mission of love through Judaea, Samaria, Galilee, and Peraea; he came as far north as mount Hermon, and once he crossed beyond the land of Israel to the Phoenician border and healed the demonized daughter of that heathen mother to whom he said, "O woman, great is thy faith: be it done unto thee even as thou wilt." We can easily follow him from place to place, on foot or on horseback, twenty or thirty miles a day, over green fields and barren rocks over hill and dale among flowers and thistles, under olive and fig-trees, pitching our tent for the night’s rest, ignoring the comforts of modern civilization, but delighting in the unfading beauties of God’s nature, reminded at every step of his wonderful dealings with his people, and singing the psalms of his servants of old. We may kneel at his manger in Bethlehem, the town of Judaea where Jacob buried his beloved Rachel, and a pillar, now a white mosque, marks her grave;

• From A Sexplanation (2021)

  Are you asking because you want to make sure you don't get an STI? Then we gotta talk about what skins are touching and what fluids are coming into contact. Are you asking because you want to know what type of sex makes you feel close to someone or makes you feel connected to someone or makes you remember that person for a long time? It might have nothing to do with bodies and skin at all. [Soft ethereal music] Intimacy is a deep connection that we know when we feel it, but it's a little bit hard to define, right? The way that I think about sexual intimacy is that moment when you look into someone's eyes and you see yourself reflected back in a new way, like you've never seen yourself that way before. And sometimes our brain will say something to us kind of like, it'll say, "Did you feel that?" Like, just one of those like, holy cow kinda moments. But that gong of intimacy, I think, is a crucial part of what is this sex thing? It's being seen. -I love that so much it hurts a little. [laughs] -We reduce it to reproduction. It's really funny, if a kid says to us, like, what is sex? We'll say, sex is the way we make babies. But that's a complete lie. [laughs] Like, that's not what sex is at all. -Definitely not for me. -No, right, right? Not for most of us! Even like regular, straight people, sex is not about reproduction. If that were true, we'd all have about 15 kids. If that were true. It's a fraction of the amount of times that sex is about reproduction. Usually sex is about identity and connection and skin hunger and expression, right? Who we are. It's really important to us that when we're talking about sexuality, that we're talking about health, and sexuality isn't just about reproduction. It isn't just about sexually transmitted infections. It's not just about population. Sexuality is who we are, how we define ourselves in every way. It's about how we move through the world and how we laugh and how we wear our hair and how we're bold and how we're shy and what makes us go, "mmm" and also what makes us go, "Oh God." Our sexuality is always being reworked and changed. But how, when you walk through the room you're expressing your sexual self. I love that idea. You know, as you tilt back your head to laugh that you're expressing your sexual self, it's complex. [Alex] These definitions of sex, that sex is at the core of human connection and identity, are forcing me to some painful realizations. Because it would mean that by repressing my sexuality, I'm actually repressing a lot more than I thought. If sex is intertwined with every fiber of my being, just how much of my humanity am I missing out on?

• From Going Clear (2013)

  Brodie related that he had been in a severe traffic accident in 1963, in which his arm had been broken. As he explored the incident with Spickler, Brodie seemed to recall one of the ambulance attendants saying, “Well, that poor sonofabitch will never throw a football again.” And yet Brodie was unconscious at the time. How could he have such a memory? Spickler told him this was all part of an engram that was keeping him from getting well. “The ambulance attendant’s prediction had been simmering in my unconscious for seven years, agitating all my deepest fears of declining ability or failure,” Brodie later writes. “It had finally surfaced as this psychosomatic ailment in my throwing arm. Phil made me tell the story again and again and again, until no charge showed on the E-Meter” (John Brodie and James D. Houston, Open Field, p. 166). The swelling on Brodie’s arm diminished. He went on to have one of the greatest seasons of his career and was voted the National Football League’s most valuable player that year. 3 Going Overboard Given his biography, it would be easy to dismiss Hubbard as a fraud, but that would fail to explain his total absorption in his project. He would spend the rest of his life elaborating his theory and—even more obsessively—constructing the intricate bureaucracy designed to spread and enshrine his visionary understanding of human behavior. His life narrowed down to his singular mission. Each passageway in his interior expedition led him deeper into his imagination. That journey became Scientology, a totalistic universe in which his every turn was mapped and described. Hubbard’s own logic was inclining him toward conclusions that he was at first reluctant to draw. By admitting the validity of prenatal memories, he was bound to confront a dilemma: What if the memories didn’t stop there? When patients began having “sperm dreams,” Hubbard had to accept the idea that prenatal engrams were recorded “as early as shortly before conception.” Then, when patients began to remember previous lives, Hubbard resisted the idea; it threatened to tear apart his organization. “The subject of past deaths and past lives is so full of tension that as early as last July 1950, the board of trustees of the [Dianetics] Foundation sought to pass a resolution banning the entire subject,” he confided. Still, the implications were intriguing. What if we have lived before? Might there be memories that occasionally leak through into present time? Wouldn’t that prove that we are immortal beings, only temporarily residing in our present incarnations? Instead of remembering, the patient undergoing Dianetic counseling “returns” to the past-life event. “There is a different feel to another period in time that’s so basic it’s hard to describe,” Hubbard’s top US executive, Helen O’Brien, recalled. “If you find yourself in a room, there may be color with unfamiliar tones because of gaslight shining on it.

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  The most holy place in Mecca is Al-Kaaba, a small oblong temple, so called from its cubic form.142 To it the faces of millions of Moslems are devoutly turned in prayer five times a day. It is inclosed by the great mosque, which corresponds in importance to the temple of Solomon in Jerusalem and St. Peter’s cathedral in Rome, and can hold about thirty-five thousand persons. It is surrounded by colonnades, chambers, domes and minarets. Near it is the bubbling well Zemzem, from which Hagar and Ishmael are said to have quenched their burning thirst. The Kaaba is much older than Mecca. Diodorus Siculus mentions it as the oldest and most honored temple in his time. It is supposed to have been first built by angels in the shape of a tent and to have been let down from heaven; there Adam worshipped after his expulsion from Paradise; Seth substituted a structure of clay and stone for a tent; after the destruction by the deluge Abraham and Ishmael reconstructed it, and their footsteps are shown.143 It was entirely rebuilt in 1627. It contains the famous Black Stone,144 in the North-Eastern corner near the door. This is probably a meteoric stone, or of volcanic origin, and served originally as an altar. The Arabs believe that it fell from Paradise with Adam, and was as white as milk, but turned black on account of man’s sins.145 It is semi-circular in shape, measures about six inches in height, and eight inches in breadth, is four or five feet from the ground, of reddish black color, polished by innumerable kisses (like the foot of the Peter-statue in St. Peter’s at Rome), encased in silver, and covered with black silk and inscriptions from the Koran. It was an object of veneration from time immemorial, and is still devoutly kissed or touched by the Moslem pilgrims on each of their seven circuits around the temple.146 Mohammed subsequently cleared the Kaaba of all relics of idolatry, and made it the place of pilgrimage for his followers. He invented or revived the legend that Abraham by divine command sent his son Ishmael with Hagar to Mecca to establish there the true worship and the pilgrim festival. He says in the Koran: "God hath appointed the Kaaba, the sacred house, to be a station for mankind," and, "Remember when we appointed the sanctuary as man’s resort and safe retreat, and said, ’Take ye the station of Abraham for a place of prayer.’ And we commanded Abraham and Ishmael, ’Purify my house for those who shall go in procession round it, and those who shall bow down and prostrate themselves.’ "147 Arabia had at the time when Mohammed appeared, all the elements for a wild, warlike, eclectic religion like the one which he established. It was inhabited by heathen star-worshippers, Jews, and Christians.

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  ungodly world, her sorrows and sufferings, her joys and her triumphs over sin and error. It records the deeds of those heroes of faith "who subdued kingdoms, wrought righteousness, obtained promises, stopped the months of lions, quenched the violence of fire, escaped the edge of the sword, out of weakness were made strong, waxed valiant in fight, turned to flight the armies of aliens." From Jesus Christ, since his manifestation in the flesh, an unbroken stream of divine light and life has been and is still flowing, and will continue to flow, in ever-growing volume through the waste of our fallen race; and all that is truly great and good and holy in the annals of church history is due, ultimately, to the impulse of his spirit. He is the fly-wheel in the world’s progress. But he works upon the world through sinful and fallible men, who, while as self- conscious and free agents they are accountable for all their actions, must still, willing or unwilling, serve the great purpose of God. As Christ, in the days of his flesh, was bated, mocked, and crucified, his church likewise is assailed and persecuted by the powers of darkness. The history of Christianity includes therefore a history of Antichrist. With an unending succession of works of saving power and manifestations of divine truth and holiness, it uncovers also a fearful mass of corruption and error. The church militant must, from its very nature, be at perpetual warfare with the world, the flesh, and the devil, both without and within. For as Judas sat among the apostles, so "the man of sin" sits in the temple of God; and as even a Peter denied the Lord, though he afterwards wept bitterly and regained his holy office, so do many disciples in all ages deny him in word and in deed. But on the other hand, church history shows that God is ever stronger than Satan, and that his kingdom of light puts the kingdom of darkness to shame. The Lion of the tribe of Judah has bruised the head of the serpent. With the crucifixion of Christ his resurrection also is repeated ever anew in the history of his church on earth; and there has never yet been a day without a witness of his presence and power ordering all things according to his holy will. For he has received all power in heaven and in earth for the good of his people, and from his heavenly throne he rules even his foes.

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  It is not a visible symbol to a gathered handful of human souls in the upper room of a Jewish house, but a vivifying wind which shall henceforth breathe in all ages of the world’s history; a tide of light which is rolling, and shall roll, from shore to shore until the earth is fall of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea." § 25. The Church of Jerusalem and the Labors of Peter. Su; ei| Pevtro", kai; ejpi; tauvth/ pevtra/ oikodomhvsw mou th;n ejkklhsivan, kai; puvlai a{/dou ouj katiscuvsousin aujth'".—Matt. 16:18. Literature. I. Genuine sources: Acts 2 to 12; Gal. 2; and two Epistles of Peter. Comp. the Commentaries on Acts, and the Petrine Epistles. Among the commentators of Peter’s Epp. I mention Archbishop Leighton (in many editions, not critical, but devout and spiritual), Steiger (1832, translated by Fairbairn, 1836), John Brown (1849, 2 vols.), Wiesinger (1856 and 1862, in Olshausen’s Com.), Schott (1861 and 1863), De Wette (3d ed. by Brückner, 1865), Huther (in Meyer’s Com., 4th ed. 1877), Fronmüller (in Lange’s Bibelwerk, transl. by Mombert, 1867), Alford (3d ed. 1864), John Lillie (ed. by Schaff, 1869), Demarest (Cath. Epp 1879), Mason and Plumptre (in Ellicott’s Com., 1879), Plumptre (in the "Cambridge Bible," 1879, with a very full introduction, pp. 1–83), Salmond (in Schaff’s Pop. Com. 1883). Comp. also the corresponding sections in the works on the Apostolic Age mentioned in §20, and my H. Ap. Ch. pp. 348–377. II. Apocryphal sources: Eujaggevlion kata; Pevtron of Ebionite origin, Khvrugma Pevtrou , Pravxei" Pevtrou, jApokavluyi" Pevtrou, Perivodoi Pevtrou (Itinerarium Petri), Pravxei" tw'n aJgivwn ajpostovlwn Pevtrou kai; Pauvlou (Acta Petri et Pauli). See Tischendorf’s Acta Apost. Apocr 1–39, and Hilgenfeld’s Novum Testamentum extra canonem receptum (1866), IV. 52 sqq. The Pseudo-Clementine "Homilies" are a glorification of Peter at the expense of Paul; the, "Recognitions" are a Catholic recension and modification of the "Homilies." The pseudo-Clementine literature will be noticed in the second Period. III. Special works on Peter: E. Th. Mayerhoff: Historisch-Kritische Einleitung in die Petrinischen Schriften. Hamb. 1835. Windischmann (R. C.): Vindiciae Petrinae. Ratisb. 1836. Stenglein (R. C.): Ueber den 25 jahrigen Aufenthalt des heil. Petrus in Rom. In the "Tübinger Theol. Quartalschrift," 1840. J. Ellendorf: 1st Petrus in Rom und Bishof der römischen Gemeinde gewesen? Darmstadt, 1841. Transl. in the "Bibliotheca Sacra," Andover, 1858, No. 3. The author, a liberal R. Cath., comes to the conclusion that Peter’s presence in Rome can never be proven. Carlo Passaglia (Jesuit): De Praerogativis Beati Petri, Apostolorum Principis. Ratisbon, 1850. Thomas W. Allies (R. C.): St. Peter, his Name and his Office as set forth in Holy Scripture. London, 1852. Based upon the preceding work of Father Passaglia. Bernh. Weiss: Der Petrinische Lehrbegriff. Berlin, 1855. Comp. his Bibl. Theol. des N. T, 3d ed. 1880, and his essay, Die petrinische Frage in "Studien und Kritiken," 1865, pp. 619–657, 1866, pp. 255–308, and 1873, pp. 539–546. Thos. Greenwood: Cathedra Petri. Lond., vol. I. 1859, chs. I and II. pp.

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  the miraculous conception and nativity; others as a gradual process, an ethical unification of the eternal Logos and the man Jesus in continuous development, so that the complete God-Man would be not so much the beginning as the consummation of the earthly life of Jesus. But all these more recent inquiries, earnest, profound, and valuable as they are, have not as yet led to any important or generally accepted results, and cannot supersede the Chalcedonian Christology. The theology of the church will ever return anew to deeper and still deeper contemplation and adoration of the theanthropic person of Jesus Christ, which is, and ever will be, the sun of history, the miracle of miracles, the central mystery of godliness, and the inexhaustible fountain of salvation and life for the lost race of man. § 143. The Monophysite Controversies. I. The Acta in Mansi, tom. vii.-ix. The writings already cited of Liberatus and Leontinus Byzant. Evagrius: H. E. ii. v. Nicephorus: H. E. xvi. 25. Procopius († about 552): jAnevkdota, Hist. arcana (ed. Orelli, Lips. 1827). Facundus (bishop of Hermiane in Africa, but residing mostly in Constantinople): Pro defensione trium capitulorum, in 12 books (written A.D. 547, ed. Sirmond, Paris, 1629, and in Galland. xi. 665). Fulgentius Ferrandus (deacon in Carthage, † 551): Pro tribus capitulis (in Gall. tom. xi.). Anastasius Sinaita (bishop of Antioch, 564): JOdhgov" adv. Acephalos. Angelo Mai: Script vet. Bova collectio, tom. vii. A late, though unimportant, contribution to the history of Monophysitism (from 581 to 583) is the Church History of the Monophysite bishop John of Ephesus (of the sixth century): The Third Part of the Eccles. History of John, bishop of Ephesus, Oxford, 1853 (edited by W. Cureton from the Syrian literature of the Nitrian convent). II. Petavius: De Incarnatione, lib. i. c. 16–18 (tom. iv. p. 74 sqq.). Walch: Bd, vi.-viii. Schröckh: Th. xviii. pp. 493–636. Neander: Kirchengeschichte, !v. 993–1038. Gieseler: i. ii. pp. 347–376 (4th ed.), and his Commentatio qua Monophysitarum veterum variae de Christi persona opiniones ... illustrantur (1835 and 1838). Baur: Geschichte der Trinitätslehre, Bd. ii. pp. 37–96. Dorner: Geschichte der Christologie, ii. pp. 150–193. Hefele (R.C.): Conciliengeschichte, ii. 545 ff. F. Rud. Hasse: Kirchengeschichte (1864), Bd. i. p. 177 ff. A. Ebrard: Handbuch der Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte (1865), Bd. i. pp. 263–279. The council of Chalcedon did not accomplish the intended pacification of the church, and in Palestine and Egypt it met with passionate opposition. Like the council of Nicaea, it must pass a fiery trial of conflict before it could be universally acknowledged in the church.

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  Turning the host, he saw on the other side a lamb. Turning it back again, he saw Christ on the cross. Then there was nothing left but the visible form of the bread, which the pious monk ate. The writer goes on to say that Adolf did not feel full joy over this vision, for he kept a concubine.1705 A Fleming woman of the town of Thorembais, who had been refused the sacrament by a priest, was visited the same night by Christ himself, who gave her the host with his own hands.1706 At a church dedication in Anrode, the invited priests engaged in conviviality and while they were dancing around the altar, the pyx was overthrown and the five hosts it contained scattered. The music was at once stopped and search was made but without result. The people were then put out of the building and every corner was searched till at last the hosts were found on a ledge in the wall where the angel had placed them.1707 Perhaps the most remarkable case related by the chronicler of Heisterbach is that of the bloody host of St. Trond, Belgium. This he had himself seen, and he speaks of it as a miracle which should be recorded for the benefit of many after generations. In 1223 a woman in Harbais, in the diocese of Liège, kissed her lover with the host in her mouth, in the hope that it would inflame his love for her. She then found she could not swallow the host and carefully wrapped it up in a napkin. In her agony, she finally revealed her experience to a priest who called in the bishop of Livland who happened to be in the town. Together they went to the place where the host was concealed and lo! there were three drops of fresh blood on the cloth. The abbot of Trond was called in and it was then found that half of the host was flesh and half bread. The bishop thought so highly of the relic that he attempted to carry off two of the drops of blood, but sixty armed men interfered. The sacred blood was then put in a vase and deposited among the relics of the church of St. Trond.1708 This case was fully believed by Caesar, and he expresses no doubt about the many other cases he reports. Another case related by Etienne of Bourbon1709 is of a farmer who, wanting to be rich, followed the advice of a friend and placed the host in one of his beehives. The bees with great reverence made a miniature church, containing an altar, on which they placed the sacred morsel. All the bees from the neighborhood were attracted and sang beautiful melodies. The rustic went out, expecting to find the hives overflowing with honey but, to his amazement, found them all empty except the one in which the host had been deposited. The bees attacked him fiercely.

• From In Search of Paul: How Jesus's Apostle Opposed Rome's Empire with God's Kingdom (2005)

  Octavian displayed that star everywhere as he vied for power with Antony. It is engraved on ring gemstones and pressed into clay seals and cheap glass beads, but it is found especially on coins whose legends made the logical conclusion that, if Julius Caesar was now divine, his adopted son Octavian was therefore “son of a divine one” or “son of god.” The title is variously abbreviated from DIVI FILIUS as DI FI, DIVI F, or DIVI FI. Whatever opposing senators might have thought, Octavian was the self-proclaimed and popularly acclaimed divine son, and when Roman sacred law deified Julius Caesar in 42 B.C.E., Augustus’s status had legal sanction. WRITTEN IN HEAVEN. But the message of Augustus as divine son was not limited to small artifacts like coins. Recall that great Augustan sundial on the Campus Martius mentioned in Chapter 2, and now take a closer look at its cosmic implications. Consider the point its designers intended with that plaza-sized artifact as well as the range of impressions left on those ancient pedestrians strolling in its parklike atmosphere. Some may have only intuited subtle hints, but others certainly recognized the detailed articulation of Augustus’s cosmic position: earth and sun, monument and shadow lined up to point out his epochal importance. This was obvious in the very use of sun and calendar, obelisk and orb. But it was spelled out in the layout’s details, according to the German archaeologist Edmund Buchner. He has creatively if not convincingly argued that, on the fall equinox of September 23, which was also Augustus’s birthday, the sundial’s shadow pointed right into the Ara Pacis Augustae and further that, on the winter solstice in December, it pointed toward the day of Augustus’s conception when the zodiac moved into Capricorn, another sign featured prominently in Augustan iconography. In other words, Augustus’s destiny was written in the stars. Suetonius’s The Lives of the Caesars tells in The Deified Augustus how the Greek astrologer Theogenes from Apollonia on the Via Egnatia predicted “an incredible career” for Augustus, but then when Augustus revealed his birth-date and the astrologer calculated the configuration of the heavens at that time, he “sprang up and threw himself at his feet…. From that time on Augustus had such faith in his destiny, that he made his horoscope public and issued a silver coin stamped with the sign of the constellation Capricor-nus, under which he was born” (94.12).

• From In Search of Paul: How Jesus's Apostle Opposed Rome's Empire with God's Kingdom (2005)

  Those two main-street entrances apparently set a standard, since this conspicuously luxurious villa has two of everything important. Those two frontal entrances open into two separate atria, the western one continuing into the villa’s tablinum, or reception room, the eastern one opening into a bath complex. There are also two open-air gardens with columned and covered porticos on all four sides. With a normal-sized one to south and a far larger one to north, those two peristyles take up about two-thirds of the villa’s entire space. The luxury of those open spaces is matched by the splendor of the villa’s mosaics. Some with geometric designs were left on the entrance and reception room floors, but the three most famous examples have been removed to the walls of the National Archaeological Museum in Naples. An erotically suggestive mosaic of satyr and nymph came from an upstairs bedroom immediately to the right of the main entrance. An anatomically detailed mosaic of fish and seafood came from a triclinium between the main atrium and the first peristyle. But, above all else, this villa once contained one of the most famous mosaics in the world. Between those two peristyle gardens was a special space that could be seen from either direction. On the floor, surely for looking at rather than walking on, was a mosaic of around a million and a half tiny tiles, or tesserae. It was copied from a Hellenistic painting of around 300 B.C.E. depicting a battle between Alexander the Great and Darius of Persia. Its master artisan froze in eloquent stone the ferocity of Alexander and the fright of Darius at the battle of Issus. You may remember meeting this image at the beginning of Chapter 3. The mansion’s spatial and aesthetic luxury serve only to underline the normalcy of frontage shops owned directly or indirectly by the mansion’s aristocrats. Nos. 1 and 3 connect into the mansion’s western atrium, but Nos. 4 and 6 do not. Those latter shops are each about 270 square feet, and No. 4 has stairs to a second floor. “An excellent example,” as Wallace-Hadrill says, “of the irrelevance of shops in the façade to the standing of a house” (210). A very helpful Italian-English plan of the excavation on sale at Pompeii’s bookstore color-codes nine different types of excavated structures: public buildings, temples, urban supply systems, guilds and associations, shops, inns and taverns, private homes with workshops, private homes, and market gardens. Even a glance across that color-coded map shows the extent of “shops” (yellow) along the street frontage of “private dwellings” (buff), not to speak about those “private homes incorporating workshops” (purple). Mansion and Shop Those complexes are only three examples of the intimate architectural and social relationship between villa and shop on main-street frontages in both Herculaneum and Pompeii, that is, in two places where we still have abundant evidence of that connection. From his detailed analyses of those buried Campanian cities, Wallace-Hadrill draws these general conclusions:

• From In Search of Paul: How Jesus's Apostle Opposed Rome's Empire with God's Kingdom (2005)

  “The whole world” is not just introductory enthusiasm. That general global introduction at the text’s start is matched by a detailed global accounting at its end. For nine of its thirty-five segments Augustus cites place after place and people after people who now submit to imperial control. Land and sea, east and west, Europe, Asia, and Africa “experienced the good faith (fidem) of the Roman people” (32). If the Acts of the Divine Augustus were but an isolated example, it could easily be dismissed as enforced imperial propaganda. But, across the empire, many other inscriptions appeared too swiftly and too widely for such a misreading. They emphasized both Augustus’s divinization and Rome’s globalization as two sides of the one coin (often, literally so). A claim of global conquest is one thing; a claim of manifest destiny is much, much more. Virgil, who lived from 70 to 19 B.C.E., cited divine decree and prophetic promise to ground Rome’s providential vocation for world rule. The Aeneid is a poem whose theme was suggested and whose manuscript was published by the emperor himself. It is an epic saga whose first word is “weapons” (arma), a glorious hymn to Augustan redemption, a splendid dialectic of poetry and propaganda no less either for being both. It claims that the divinely willed destiny of Aeneas is to “bring all the world beneath his laws” (4.231) in order that “glorious Rome shall extend her empire to earth’s ends, her ambitions to the skies” (6.781–82). And Aeneas, with his father, Anchises, and his son, Julus, had fled the Greek destruction of Troy over a thousand years before their descendants Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar became, respectively, god and son of god. Above the earth, in heaven, Venus, the divine ancestress of the Julian family, reminds her father, Jupiter, of his promise that the Romans would be “rulers to hold the sea and all lands beneath their sway” (1.236). He reaffirms his promise because, “for these I set no bounds in space or time; but have given empire without end…[to] cherish the Romans, lords of the world, and the nation of the toga. Thus is it decreed” (1.278–83). On the earth, in Italy, King Latinus hears an oracle that proclaims, “Strangers shall come, to be your sons, whose blood shall exalt our name to the stars, and the children of whose race shall behold, where the circling sun looks on each ocean [i.e., east and west], the whole world (omnia) roll obediently beneath their feet” (7.98–101). Later he recognizes that Aeneas “must be the offspring, glorious in valour, whose might is to master all the world (totum orbem)” (7.257–58). Under the earth in Hades, Venus’s human consort Anchises admonishes their son, Aeneas, about his vocation. “You, Roman,” says his now dead father, “be sure to rule the world (be these your arts), to crown peace with justice, to spare the vanquished and to crush the proud” (6.851–53).

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  monuments of stone and wood; nothing is shown but the spot on the South of the island where he landed, and the empty stone coffin where his body was laid together with that of his servant; his bones were removed afterwards to Dunkeld. The old convent was destroyed and the monks were killed by the wild Danes and Norsemen in the tenth century. The remaining ruins of Iona—a cathedral, a chapel, a nunnery, a graveyard with the tombstones of a number of Scottish and Norwegian and Irish kings, and three remarkable carved crosses, which were left of three hundred and sixty that (according to a vague tradition) were thrown into the sea by the iconoclastic zeal of the Reformation—are all of the Roman Catholic period which succeeded the original Keltic Christianity, and which lived on its fame. During the middle ages Iona was a sort of Jerusalem of the North, where pilgrims loved to worship, and kings and noblemen desired to be buried. When the celebrated Dr. Johnson, in his Tour to the Hebrides, approached Iona, he felt his piety grow warmer. No friend of missions can visit that lonely spot, shrouded in almost perpetual fog, without catching new inspiration and hope for the ultimate triumph of the gospel over all obstacles.84 The arrival of Columba at Iona was the beginning of the Keltic church in Scotland. The island was at that time on the confines of the Pictic and Scotic jurisdiction, and formed a convenient base for missionary labors among the Scots, who were already Christian in name, but needed confirmation, and among the Picts, who were still pagan, and had their name from painting their bodies and fighting naked. Columba directed his zeal first to the Picts; he visited King Brude in his fortress, and won his esteem and co-operation in planting Christianity among his people. "He converted them by example as well as by word" (Bede). He founded a large number of churches and monasteries in Ireland and Scotland directly or through his disciples.85 He was involved in the wars so frequent in those days, when even women were required to aid in battle, and he availed himself of military force for the overthrow of paganism. He used excommunication very freely, and once pursued a plunderer with maledictions into the sea until the water reached to his knees. But these rough usages did not interfere with the veneration for his name. He was only a fair type of his countrymen. "He had," says Montalembert, "the vagabond inclination, the ardent, agitated, even quarrelsome character of the race." He had the "perfervidum ingenium Scotorum." He was manly, tall and handsome, incessantly active, and had a sonorous and far-reaching voice, rolling forth the Psalms of David, every syllable distinctly uttered. He could discern the signs of the weather.

• From Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence (2014)

  Yet against all odds, by the third century Christianity had become a force to be reckoned with. We still do not really understand how this came about.124 It has been suggested that the rise of other new religious movements in the empire had made Christianity appear less bizarre. People were now seeking the divine in a human being who was a “friend of God” rather than in a holy place; secret societies, not unlike the Church, were mushrooming throughout the empire. Like Christianity, many of these had originated in the eastern provinces, and they too required a special initiation, offered a new revelation, and demanded a conversion of life.125 Christianity was also beginning to appeal to merchants and artisans like Paul, who had left their hometowns and taken advantage of the Pax Romana to travel and settle elsewhere; many had lost touch with their roots and were open to new ideas. The egalitarian ethic of Christianity made it popular with the lower classes and slaves. Women found the Church attractive, because the Christian scriptures instructed husbands to treat their wives considerately. Like Stoicism and Epicureanism, Christianity promised inner tranquillity, but its way of life could be followed by the poor and illiterate as well as by members of the aristocracy. The Church had also begun to appeal to some highly intelligent men, such as the Alexandrian Platonist Origen (185–254), who interpreted the faith in a way that interested the educated public. As a result of all this, the Church had become a significant organization. It was not religio licita, one of the approved traditions of the empire, so could not own property, but it had ejected some of its wilder elements, and like the empire itself, it claimed to have a single rule of faith; it was multiracial, international, and administered by efficient bureaucrats.126 One of the most cogent reasons for the Church’s success was its charitable work, which made it a strong presence in the cities. By 250, the church in Rome was feeding fifteen hundred poor people and widows every day, and during a plague or a riot, its clergy were often the only group able to organize food supplies and bury the dead. At a time when the emperors were so preoccupied with defending the frontier that they seemed to have forgotten the cities, the Church had become firmly established there.127 But in this time of social tension, its prominence could be threatening to the authorities, who now began more systematically to seek Christians out for execution.

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  The Greek fathers placed the beauty of nature above the works of art, having a certain prejudice against art on account of the heathen abuses of it. "If thou seest a splendid building, and the view of its colonnades would transport thee, look quickly at the vault of the heavens and the open fields, on which the flocks are feeding on the shore of the sea. Who does not despise every creation of art, when in the silence of the heart he early wonders at the rising sun, as it pours its golden (crocus-yellow) light over the horizon? when, resting at a spring in the deep grass or under the dark shade of thick trees, he feeds his eye upon the dim vanishing distance?" So Chrysostom exclaims from his monastic solitude near Antioch, and Humboldt1948 adds the ingenious remark: "It was as if eloquence had found its element, its freedom, again at the fountain of nature in the then wooded mountain regions of Syria and Asia Minor." In the rough times of the first introduction of Christianity among the Celtic and Germanic tribes, who had worshipped the dismal powers of nature in rude symbols, an opposition to intercourse with nature appeared, like that which we find in Tertullian to pagan art; and church assemblies of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, at Tours (1163) and at Paris (1209), forbid the monks the sinful reading of books on nature, till the renowned scholastics, Albert, the Great († 1280), and the gifted Roger Bacon († 1294), penetrated the mysteries of nature and raised the study of it again to consideration and honor. We now return to the life of Basil. After finishing his studies in Athens he appeared in his native city of Caesarea as a rhetorician. But he soon after (A.D. 360) took a journey to Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, to become acquainted with the monastic life; and he became more and more enthusiastic for it. He distributed his property to the poor, and withdrew to a lonely romantic district in Pontus, near the cloister in which his mother Emmelia, with his sister Macrina, and other pious and cultivated virgins, were living. "God has shown me," he wrote to his friend Gregory, "a region which exactly suits my mode of life; it is, in truth, what in our happy jestings we often wished. What imagination showed us in the distance, that I now see before me. A high mountain, covered with thick forest, is watered towards the north by fresh perennial streams. At the foot of the mountain a wide plain spreads out, made fruitful by the vapors which moisten it. The surrounding forest, in which many varieties of trees crowd together, shuts me off like a strong castle. The wilderness is bounded by two deep ravines. On one side the stream, where it rushes foaming down from the mountain, forms a barrier hard to cross; on the other a broad ridge obstructs approach.

• From History of the Christian Church: The Complete Set of Eight Volumes (1858)

  The things beneath the pope are the Church and all men to whom the Gospel should be preached. The things around about the pope are the cardinals and the entire papal household. Here, greed and ambition are to be rebuked, the noise of appealed judicial cases is to be hushed, worthy officials are to be chosen. The Romans are a bad set, flattering the pontiff for what they can make out of his administration. A man who strives after godliness they look upon as a hypocrite. The faithful counsellor waxed eloquent in describing the ideal pope. He is one of the bishops, not their lord. He is the brother of all, loving God. He is set to be a pattern of righteousness, a defender of the truth, the advocate of the poor, the refuge of the oppressed. He is the priest of the Highest, the vicar of Christ, the anointed of the Lord, the God of Pharaoh; that is, he has authority over disobedient princes. Bernard distinctly grants the two swords to the pope, who himself draws the spiritual sword and by his wink commands the worldly sword to be unsheathed.1872 It is true he lays stress upon Peter’s Apostolic simplicity and poverty. Peter wore no gems, was attended by no bodyguard, and sat on no white horse. In adopting such outward show "the popes had followed Constantine, not the Apostle." It is also true that Bernard follows his generation in making the pope the viceregent of God on earth.1873 The views of Thomas Aquinas have already received notice (p. 673). His statements are so positive as to admit of no doubt as to their meaning. In the pope resides the plenitude of power. To the Roman Church obedience is due as to Christ.1874 These are assertions made in his treatise against the errors of the Greeks written at a time when the second council of Lyons was impending and measures were being taken to heal the schism between the East and the West. The pope is both king and priest, and the temporal realm gets its authority from Peter and his successors.1875 Thomas went further still. He declared for the infallibility of the pope. In confirmation of this view he quoted spurious writings of Cyril, but also genuine passages from the Fathers.1876 The popular opinion current among priests and monks was no doubt accurately expressed by Caesar of Heisterbach at the beginning of the thirteenth century when he compared the Church to the firmament, the pope to the sun, the emperor to the moon, the bishops to the stars, the clergy to the day, and the laity to the night. We stand amazed at the vastness of such claims, but there can be no doubt that they were sincerely believed by popes who asserted them and by theologians and people. The supremacy of the Roman pontiff in the Church and over the State was a fixed conviction.