Research article
Are They Created Equal? A Relative Weights Analysis of the Contributions of Job Demands and Resources to Well-Being and Turnover Intention
Corey Hoare; Christian Vandenberghe
Psychological Reports • 2024 • DOI
Abstract
Building upon the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model (Demerouti et al., 2001) and the extensive research on employee turnover intention and well-being, we examined various demands and resources in relation to these outcomes. This study examined the differential relationship between job demands, and personal and job resources, and two organizational outcomes: turnover intention and emotional exhaustion. The job demands were role overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, and work-life balance. The job resources were resilience, servant leadership, relatedness, autonomy, job opportunities, pay satisfaction, and person-organization fit. An online questionnaire was administered to full-time employees via Qualtrics panel (N= 364). Job demands were positively related to emotional exhaustion, and personal and job resources were negatively related to turnover intention. Using relative weights analysis, demands and resources were found to account for different amounts of variance in the outcome variables. This study informs our understanding of and contributes to the advancement of the JD-R model to encompass various job demands and personal and job resources and their differential relationship to emotional exhaustion and turnover intention.
Keywords
job demands-resources model · personal resources · emotional exhaustion · turnover intention · relative weights analysis
Available formats
research_article
File instances
5
Extracted by meta-factory
Models (1)
Job Demands-Resources Model
evidence: HighJob Design • Wellbeing/Burnout
Primary factors
Job DemandsJob ResourcesEmotional ExhaustionTurnover IntentionField domains
Organizational BehaviorI-O Psychology
Instruments (10)
Maslach Burnout Inventory: General Survey (MBI-GS)
format: likertdeveloper: Schaufeli et al.
Constructs
Emotional Exhaustionreliability: Cronbach's alpha = .92
Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict Scales
format: likertdeveloper: Bowling et al.
Constructs
Role AmbiguityRole Conflictreliability: Role ambiguity: Cronbach's alpha = .86; Role conflict: Cronbach's alpha = .94
Role Overload Scale
format: likertdeveloper: Schaubroeck et al.
Constructs
Role Overloadreliability: Cronbach's alpha = .77
Work-Life Balance Scale
format: likertdeveloper: Brough et al.
Constructs
Work-Life Balancereliability: Cronbach's alpha = .83
Brief Resilience Scale
format: likertdeveloper: Smith et al.
Constructs
Resiliencereliability: Cronbach's alpha = .88
Basic Psychological Needs at Work Scale
format: likertdeveloper: Brien et al.
Constructs
AutonomyRelatednessreliability: Autonomy: Cronbach's alpha = .82; Relatedness: Cronbach's alpha = .93
Servant Leadership Scale
format: likertdeveloper: Liden et al.
Constructs
Servant Leadershipreliability: Cronbach's alpha = .91
Perceptions of Job Attributes Subscale
format: likertdeveloper: Turban et al.
Constructs
Job Opportunitiesreliability: Cronbach's alpha = .91
Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ)
format: likertdeveloper: Heneman & Schwab
Constructs
Pay Satisfactionreliability: Cronbach's alpha = .97
Person-Organization Fit Scale
format: likertdeveloper: Cable and Judge
Constructs
Person-Organization Fitreliability: Cronbach's alpha = .93
Constructs (13)
Turnover Intention
TI_001The intention of quitting, which would lead to turnover.
Domains
Wellbeing & StressPerformance ManagementLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelTurnover intention is related to both job demands and resources.
Emotional Exhaustion
EE_002A point where as emotional resources are depleted, workers feel they are no longer able to give of themselves at a psychological level.
Domains
Wellbeing & StressLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelEmotional exhaustion is influenced by job demands and resources.
Job Opportunities
JO_011Opportunities for professional development, learning, and growth within the job.
Domains
Learning & DevelopmentCareersLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelJob opportunities are negatively related to turnover intention.
Pay Satisfaction
PS_012An employee’s satisfaction with their current salary, its size, their take-home pay, and overall level of pay.
Domains
HR SystemsLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelPay satisfaction is negatively related to turnover intention.
Person-Organization Fit
POF_013The congruence between an employee’s values and those of the company.
Domains
Culture & ClimateLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelPerson-organization fit is negatively related to turnover intention.
Role Overload
RO_003The perception that one has too many responsibilities given the available resources.
Domains
Job Design & Work CharacteristicsLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelRole overload is positively related to emotional exhaustion.
Role Conflict
RC_004Occurs when the employee is exposed to conflicting expectations from superiors or organizational actors.
Domains
Job Design & Work CharacteristicsLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelRole conflict is positively related to emotional exhaustion.
Role Ambiguity
RA_005Situations where tasks are ambiguously defined, and instructions are unclear.
Domains
Job Design & Work CharacteristicsLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelRole ambiguity was not significantly related to emotional exhaustion.
Work-Life Balance
WLB_006An individual's subjective appraisal of the accord between his/her work and non-work activities and life more generally.
Domains
Wellbeing & StressLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelWork-life balance is negatively related to turnover intention and emotional exhaustion.
Resilience
RES_007The process of overcoming stress and adverse events through the use of resilient qualities.
Domains
Wellbeing & StressLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelResilience is negatively related to emotional exhaustion.
Relatedness
REL_008The need to feel understood and connected with others in the workplace.
Domains
MotivationWellbeing & StressLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelRelatedness is negatively related to emotional exhaustion.
Autonomy
AUT_009The need for autonomy in the workplace, allowing employees to make decisions.
Domains
MotivationJob Design & Work CharacteristicsLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelAutonomy was not significantly related to turnover intention or emotional exhaustion.
Servant Leadership
SL_010A leadership style that stresses personal integrity and focuses on forming strong long-term relationships with employees.
Domains
LeadershipLinked models
Job Demands-Resources ModelServant leadership was not significantly related to turnover intention or emotional exhaustion.
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