Contempt
Contempt is the cold emotion — not heat but a lowering of the gaze, the slight curl of the lip, the sense that something or someone has fallen beneath serious response. Where anger still believes the other can be reached, contempt has stopped believing it. Vela reads contempt as a primary emotion with a particular danger to it, distinct from the anger it cools into, and attends to what it costs both the one who feels it and the one it is aimed at.
Working definition · Cold disregard—the sense that something or someone is beneath serious response.
5055 passages · 1 Vela essay · in 1 cluster
Vela’s read on this emotion
Contempt is the most corrosive of the emotions Vela reads, and the reading does not soften that. Anger can clear the air; contempt poisons it slowly, because it has already decided the other does not merit the effort of being addressed. The writers worth following have read contempt as a verdict, and verdicts are the things relationships least survive.
The reading is densest where contempt has been organized against a group or turned against the self. The literature of stigma reads how contempt does its social work — the look that places a person below the line of full regard, aimed at the poor, the sick, the foreign, the queer. Erving Goffman's The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life maps the small social machinery through which standing is granted and withdrawn, which is the stage contempt performs on. The memoir of family harm holds the particular wound of a parent's contempt — worse, often, than a parent's anger, because contempt withdraws the relationship rather than engaging it. Self-contempt, the gaze turned inward, is the form chronic shame takes once it has built a settled stance toward its own bearer.
Contempt is not the same as anger, disgust, or hatred. Anger engages; contempt dismisses. Disgust recoils from contamination; contempt looks down from a height. Hatred is hot and attentive; contempt is cold and inattentive, which is part of why it wounds. The four overlap and the reading keeps them separate, because contempt's coldness is precisely the thing that distinguishes it.
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An essay on how this word lives in language, in the tagged corpus, and in figurative art when curators pair passage with image — not a list of stages, not permission to feel.
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From Cults Inside Out: How People Get In and Can Get Out (2014)
Family members forcibly took at least four hundred members of Moon’s church, whom they deemed “brainwashed,” to undergo involuntary “deprogramming” interventions, which took place from 1973 to 1986.29 It should be noted that Moon had friendly relationships with presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush.30 Moon donated $1 million to the presidential library of the first President Bush. Prominent people were also paid to appear at Moon-linked events, including presidents Bush and Ford, Mikhail Gorbachev, and the former US congressman and housing secretary Jack Kemp.31 In 2002 Moon paid for advertising in forty-five newspapers across the United States claiming that religious leaders in the “Spirit World” had had a meeting to confer special heavenly status on him. This assemblage had included Martin Luther, Karl Marx, Confucius, Jesus, and God—who supposedly had unanimously decided that Moon should be proclaimed the “Savior, Messiah and King of Kings of all humanity.”32 Moon controlled substantial investments around the globe. He reportedly dominated the American wholesale sushi market33 and bought the United Press International (UPI) wire service34 and the Washington Times .35 In August 2012 Moon was hospitalized in Seoul, South Korea, suffering from pneumonia.36 His condition worsened, and he was later moved to a church-owned hospital near his home in Gapyeong.37 The UC website announced in September that Moon had died.38 Moon is survived by his wife and ten children,39 and his children now control his business and religious empire.40 Kook-Jin, forty-four, known as Justin Moon, runs the Tongil Group, which is the church’s business arm. Hyung-Jin, known as Sean Moon, born in New York in 1979, is now head of the UC.41 Reportedly, there are currently about one hundred thousand members of the UC worldwide,42 with no more than five thousand remaining adherents in the United States.43 In 2008 Moon’s personal wealth was estimated at $980 million.44 1984—Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh Bioterrorism Attack In 1984 the cult followers of Indian guru Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh spread salmonella in the salad bars of ten restaurants in the town of The Dalles, Oregon, sickening 750 residents. It was the first bioterrorism attack in modern American history.45 Rajneesh had once been a professor of philosophy at Sagar University in Jabalpur, India. He began to develop a cult following after delivering a lecture titled “From Sex to Super-consciousness” in the 1960s. The guru eventually presided over an ashram in Pune, India, and later led his followers to Oregon in 1981.46 During 1981 Rajneesh moved almost seven thousand of his disciples, called “Rajneeshies,” to a one-hundred-square-mile ranch near The Dalles to form a community compound. The Rajneeshies effectively took over the nearby small town of Antelope. Eerily reminiscent of Jonestown, the newly incorporated city was called “Rajneeshpuram.” And like Jim Jones, Rajneesh had his own heavily armed security force.47 Hoping to exercise more political power in the region, the Rajneeshies planned to take over Wasco County judgeships and the sheriff’s office.
From Saint Thomas Aquinas Collection (22 Books) (2016)
CYRIL OF ALEXANDRIA. The rich man then builds barns which last not, but decay, and what is still more foolish, reckons for himself upon a long life; for it follows, And I will say unto my soul, Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years. But, O rich man, thou hast indeed fruits in thy barns, but as for many years whence canst thou obtain them? ATHANASIUS. (non occ.) Now if any one lives so as to die daily, seeing that our life is naturally uncertain, he will not sin, for the greater fear destroys very much pleasure, but the rich man on the contrary, promising to himself length of life, secks after pleasures, for he says, Rest, that is, from toil, eat, drink, and be merry, that is, with great luxury. BASIL. (ubi sup.) Thou art so careless with respect to the goods of the soul, that thou ascribest the meats of the body to the soul. If indeed it has virtue, if it is fruitful in good works, if it clings to God, it possesses many goods, and rejoices with a worthy joy. But because thou art altogether carnal and subject to the passions, thou speakest from thy belly, not from thy soul. CHRYSOSTOM. (Hom. 39, 8. in 1 ad Cor.) Now it behoves us not to indulge in delights which fattening the body make lean the soul, and bring a heavy burden upon it, and spread darkness over it, and a thick covering, because in pleasure our governing part which is the soul becomes the slave, but the subject part, namely the body, rules. But the body is in need not of luxuries but of food, that it may be nourished, not that it may be racked and melt away. For not to the soul alone are pleasures hurtful, but to the body itself, because from being a strong body it becomes weak, from being healthy diseased, from being active slothful, from being beautiful unshapely, and from youthful old. BASIL. (Hom. in loc.) But he was permitted to deliberate in every thing, and to manifest his purpose, that he might receive a sentence such as his inclinations deserved. But while he speaks in secret, his words are weighed in heaven, from whence the answers come to him. For it follows, But God said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy soul shall they require of thee. Hear the name of folly, which most properly belongs to thee which not man has imposed, but God Himself. GREGORY. (22. Mor. c. 2.) The same night he was taken away, who had expected many years, that he indeed who had in gathering stores for himself looked a long time forward, should not see even the next day.
From Augustine: A New Biography (2005)
Augustine’s first surviving letter to a Donatist clergyman,418 from sometime in the 390s, is courteous and at the same time public. He expects what he writes to be read in public, and invites his correspondent to respond on the same terms.419 If they cannot have a public debate, they can at least discuss their differences publicly by letter. His friend Evodius met the Donatist bishop of Hippo socially one evening, and they conversed about how a public disputation might go, the Donatist resisting the idea of writing down the results and publishing them.420 Augustine at this point already had firmly in mind his view of catholicity, one that swings on two hinges: sacramental integrity (no rebaptism) and global universality (interpreting as sharing communion with churches across the Greco-Roman world). The first position was unacceptable to his opponents, the second largely irrelevant. For the Donatist, to be catholic meant having the totality of faith—that is, possession of the whole of Christian doctrine in a given local community.421 If that betrays a provincial perspective, we should not be surprised. For most citizens of the ancient world, the world beyond their personal ken had an abstract, even (literally) mythical quality. (There was a Donatist bishop at Rome, because, as Augustine would have it, the faction guiltily needed some such representation; we have no independent way of confirming how or why that bishop came to be. Rome had old prestige but the desire for connection did not necessarily entail a notion of catholicity.) The Donatists resisted debating Augustine. He would have us imagine that in part this reflected fear of his rhetorical skills, but the reluctance may have run deeper. At one point, in a sermon on Psalm 21 directed against them, Augustine characterizes their attitude thus: “And sometimes we come to them and say, ‘Let us search for the truth, let us find the truth [in dialogue/debate].’ And they say, ‘You have what you have. You have your sheep, I have mine; don’t trouble my sheep, because I don’t go troubling yours.’”422 One cannot miss the note of disdain in the unconcern of the representatives of the larger community, brushing off the buzzing fly that is the smaller. The net effect, then, of Augustine’s wooing and challenging the Donatists did not change the ecclesiastical landscape. For that, force majeure was required, and it was forthcoming.
From Fragments (7)
2" Fr. * 41 de Sappho : "AtÔt col S'Ip-eÔev [xèv à-:rf;/bei:o çpsvT'içî'/jv èxl S"Av5p5ixéîav -ôty]. Héphestion, le seul qui nous ait transmis ce fragment, nous le donne comme anonyme. C'est pour cela que Bergk l'a marqué d'un astérisque ; néanmoins il l'attribue à Sappho par con- jecture, pour la seule raison que Maxime de Tyr cite Atthis comme une amie de Sappho: ce qui est loin d'être une preuve sérieuse. Car, même en supposant qn'AIcxis n'eiU pas fait sa comédie d'Atthis, celle raison aurait d'autant moins de valeur que, dans notre premier opus- cule (v. SF., p. 65, 66^, nous avons surpris Maxime de Tyr, au même chapitre XX1\', 9, en flagrant délit de falsification d'un texte dePlalon, dans rinlention mani- feste de rendre éminemment pornographique un passage qui dans l'original est bien loin de l'être. 3" Enfin, voici le fragment venu d'OiiIre-IIJiin. pour griser un de nos puhlicistes, au point de lui faire créer le « Cycle d'Atthis » : — ùo — I (na'.5avY;po'î[xav, ' 'Aiôt, TaXai t.ôtx 'yw îiOîV Tjyi y.)ap$((av) (Seypo T:ôX)Xaxt -c'jTâX^Ç ^X^-'^^» II wr7:(£p Y;5'cl>t£'.)a)ôixev' (£[ji.[X£vai) kq 6;a; IxiX', àv àp».- -f/wxaç (à)5à [xxAtî-'à'xa'Vî [ji,ÔA-a. III vOv 8à A'JSai(7'àv3o? xpéi:£ xaTç Y'jva-!- xeujtv, cj3{t£) xo-'àXiu) SJvTCç, à ^ps^sSaxTjXi;; 0£ Mr,va, IV Tzxnx Tr£p(p)éy_o'.î' as-cpa, f aoç S £Trf- c^ct 6xXa77av £•;: àX[xJpav, Icrw? xat -oX'javOé;j.st^ âpîjpa'.^. V à ^\k)ip7x xiXa /.é/uTa'., T£Ôi- X(a)t<Ji $£ ^pé3a xaT:aX'àv- 6pur/.a, y.as ;ji.£X(Xa)T3ç ôvOsjJtwSrjÇ. 1jlvxj6£[7' ' 'At6'5oç, t|jiip(o(i) Xéxc' âicoï (fpéva xap5i 'â|i.6iXT,Tai.... Traduction : « Je t'ai enlevée dans mes bras Atthis (c.-à-d. je t'ai adoptée comme mon enfant) ; toi-même jusqu'à ces jours, tant que la plus grande partie de tes affections se trouvait concentrée ici, identifiée à la divinité, tu étais comme une déesse dans son temple ; et pour toi comme pour la plus célèbre (des déesses) les chœurs de chant mêlés de danse ouvraient en haut la bouche toute grande. Maintenant va dans ton intérieur, éclipser les femmes de Lydie : comme après le coucher du soleil, Mena aux doigts de rose, éclipsant tous les astres, inonde de sa clarté les ondes salées de la mer et les innombrables fleurs des champs ; comme la rosée répand ses gouttes brillantes ; comme naissent les roses, les frêles cerfeuils sauvages et le mélilot fleuri. Pour moi, me rappelant combien Atthis aux doux yeux brillait par-dessus tout, avec une peine aiguisée de désir je sentirai mon cœur se soulever dans ma frêle poitrine.» — 56 — On voudra bien remarquer qu'à moins de changer arbitrairement le texte du manuscrit, ce fragment se révèle par des signes indiscutables, comme apparte- nant à une comédie. C'est pour cela que, pour recons- tituer ce qui lui manquait, nous sommes entré dans le sens et le ton du morceau, en parodiant le Fr. 33 de Sappho. D'ailleurs on va voir que ce texte n'a pas besoin de notre reconstitution pour s'affirmer comme éminemment parodique.
From Cults Inside Out: How People Get In and Can Get Out (2014)
A destructive cult can also use the same principles of influence in more deceptive and manipulative ways to gain undue influence over its adherents. Later in this chapter Cialdini’s principles will be detailed and correlated more broadly with influence techniques cults use. Some cult leaders have researched influence techniques, including Jim Jones, who studied the methods of mind control George Orwell described in his book 1984 .539 But most cult leaders appear to assemble and refine their methods through a process of trial and error. Together programs of thought reform, coercive persuasion, and information control can produce the intensified modes of influence we see in destructive cults. This process of systematically applying manipulative techniques of influence, persuasion, and communication to produce persisting states of impaired thinking, feeling, and decision making in cult members has been widely recognized as one of mind control. Not all forms of influence and persuasion are the same. Psychologist Margaret Singer made distinctions between various types of persuasion, such as education and advertising, and more manipulative coercive methods, such as propaganda, indoctrination, and thought reform.540 Singer saw the process of thought reform as especially and uniquely rigid and distinctly different from other modes of persuasion. One example, Singer pointed out, is that thought reform effectively precluded any genuine or meaningful exchange of ideas and was instead “one sided” and actually expressed no sincere respect for differences.541 Perhaps the most notable distinction between the thought-reform schemes perpetuated by destructive cults, in contrast to other types of persuasion, such as education and advertising, is that they are frequently deceptive. Singer said such programs center “on changing people without their knowledge.” She further explained that the structure of this coercive persuasion process takes an “authoritarian” and “hierarchical stance,” with no full awareness on the part of the “learner.”542 And unlike advertising, which is persuasive but regulated, cultic thought-reform methods are unregulated, unaccountable, and devoid of respect for the individual. The deceptive nature of such persuasion, combined with the group’s hidden agenda of “changing people without their knowledge,” means that people are often deceptively recruited into destructive cults without informed consent. Michael Lyons, who went by the name Mohan Singh, lured followers into his group, Friends of Mohan, by using the guise of a “naturopathic” healer. He claimed he was “chiropractor to the Queen” and an osteopath.543 Instead of healing, however, Lyons reportedly subjected his victims to “psychological and emotional control, brainwashing and isolation from families.”544 The Unification Church, commonly called “the “Moonies” and once led by Rev. Sun Myung Moon, has frequently been cited for its “deceptive tactics in recruiting followers.”545 Often targeting students on college campuses, the church operated through a number of front organizations such as the Creative Community Project, Students for an Ethical Society, and the Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles. Students who are initially approached might not even realize that the agenda of the group is religious.
From Fragments (7)
^pcîsSr/.-ruAéç (5s) M^,va] ; on va voir tout ce que nous perdrions si, comme certains l'ont proposé, nous rem- placions par çiKxnx {sic) la leçon ;jiT,va du ms. D'abord, au lieu d'un changement de mots que rien n'autorise, il suffit de la particule Se pour compléter le vers ; ensuite une majuscule sur M-^^va fera ressortir son caractère de déesse, qu'autorise la yp-jiip-^x'.zç Mï;va de Pind., 01., III, 21, prise comme telle par Boissonade, Bergk, Christ, etc.; la Mif,va des H. h,: Mi^,vr;v àeiSetv xavur'xre- pov iTTÇcTe Mçyjat ; et surtout la Sa^xîwv Mt^jVtq des monnaies — 58 — de Samos que, depuis Eckkel (v. Thés,, v° Mi^vr,), on s'accorde à identifier avec la Jiino Lucina = lucna=. luna. En effet personne ne peut contester que, dans ses interventions obstétricales, cette déesse met constam- ment sa main en des régions d'où ses doigts ne peu- vent ressortir que j3p:Sc§ây.rjXct w roses de sang », soit pendant les accouchements, soit même aux époques, vx jj-r^vioïa auxquelles elle préside. Dès lors, qui ne voit le parti comique que tira de sa PpoSoSixxjXc; Mr,va notre comique Alexis ? Par contre cela l'exclut absolument des œuvres de Sappho. En effet, en dehors de ces conceptions mythologiques, on ne peut pas donner des doigts de rose à la lune ; bien que Pindare lui accorde un '/puaap(j,a : parce que yj^MQoq a le sens extensif de bril- lant, précieux » et que les anciens (cf. Hérodot, I, 50) connaissaient le ypyacç Xej/.èç « l'or blanc ». A moins qu'on n'aille jusqu'à prétendre que Sappho n'avait pas le sentiment exact de la couleur de la lune ! Si un pareil contradicteur se rencontrait, pour le confondre, nous le renverrions aux textes de Julian. Epp. XIX ; Cram. Anecd. Par. III, 233, 3i ; Eustathe, II. 729,*)... Sur- tout de ces deux derniers,* parce qu'à ce propos, ils nous ont conservé le F'r. 3 de Sappho, d'autant plus précieux qu'il se trouve être le modèle parodié par Alexis dans le passage qui nous occupe. ôpjoxa, àvôpjoxa, JvOpjoxa], ne sont mentionnés que comme des dcypta Xdr/ava, Hésych., des légumes sauva- ges, cerfeuil sauvage, et avec le iJ.eX{Xwt2;, en dehors des ouvrages d'histoire naturelle, ne figurent que dans les bouquets comiques de Phérécratès ou de notre Alexis. ÇaçéYYatj'] — Ça(f6-'f/'ai<jai. Au lieu de toucher à cette forme, il est plus naturel de l'expliquer ainsi : Ça^éyr^Kj': fé^yo) = àXefçfa) ; TriffuaXotfiéu). — 59 — XiTr-r'àircT] est imposé par Xérirav rc? du ms., que le vers n'accepte pas : jxz, v- sont des erreurs d'audition pour X (et B latin). •/.ap5{'â[ji.6iXr,TaO =: àvaôaXXtjTat réclamé par le sens et le vers.
From Fragments (7)
Et maintenant, après tout ce que nous venons de dire, il nous paraît bien établi que la vraie Sappho est complètement étrangère à Atthis, et que les fragments qui mentionnent TAttique personnifiée, sont mieux à leur place dans la comédie d'Alexis, intitulée Atthis, laquelle, du coup, rentre dans la catégorie des comé- dies antiféministes, qui mirent Sappho en scène. D'au- tant plus qu'il nous reste encore de cette comédie un fragment, caractérisant les intentions des comiques et de ceux qui les payaient, d'une manière si heureuse, qu'il ne peut manquer d'avoir inspiré le Don Basile du Figaro de Beaumarchais : Îtzz'.tx ;ji.5a)vCV ;j.a/.Xsv « Sur la lumière Jupiter amoncelle les nuages d'abord avec précaution, ensuite vite, vite ! » Voici maintenant un fragment qui s'impose encore à notre étude, parce qu'il s'y trouve le nom de Psappho : I t£8vx/.t;v 5'âBsXw; Wm. a '^z t{/'.!j§0|i.iva y.aT£A(T:7:avev II xéXXa, xa'i TéS'èéXvexîv)' ô>i;j.', (ô; §£?va xî'::(5v6a)'(ji.£V, ^i::!p', ^ [j.Ti 7 ii-AZ'.z iiz'jK'.'^r.xm. III Tx* S £Y<** ~i^^X'iJ.tiSz'ft.'xt' Xa''pot{T' ipyeo xa;jLs6év [i.t [Ji.va?j6', oTj6a vip wç {<i)s. iceS65XCii.r,v' JV arSs ix-Tj, àXXà ôétov 6tXu) . èjAvoîa', aî(ç àT:'j)X(£Oi'£ai (xwaira xoyoôj^ xai xaX' èzao^^oixev. — 60 — V Tr(6XXoiç yxp aT£9â)vciç l'wv y.at tjXXoiç ttaoxîwv PpéBwv, xai (ôpùffxwv) Trap'^ixoi irape9rjxa(o), VI -/.al ^(éXXaiç ÛTro)6'jp.tSaç àv6é(i)v £p(âT(ov) TCSTCor^ixixévaiç' VII y.at TcôXXatç âà (îdXatç p-ûpo) PpevOeîo) (3{aatXYîi)(») £^aX(t}^ao, x(a[jL ixot kyeXxo x6|jLaiç), VIII /.ai arpôiJLvaiç.... Tcôvdcxr^v] C'est une réminiscence du vers 15 de l'ode II ; et dès lors ce mot dénote une imitation de Sappho et non une œuvre originale . àSôAwç Wkisi] est une de ces allitérations plus familiè- res aux comiques qu'à Sappho ; àSéAw; fait d'ailleurs partie du bagage néologique des raiBî/.a. dont nous avons déjà parlé, voir aussi Théocrite XXIX, 32. '^laBc^iiva xaxeXfTnravev] Gomme la racine VA, ^I donne aux mots qui la renferment le sens de gratter, déchirer, réduire en miettes... il nous semble que ce n'est pas par elle qu'on expliquera la <!^0:^o\t.irr,' yXxlojox d'Hésychius ; à moins d'admettre l'influence égyptienne qui aurait intro- duit l'article égyptien tc devant certains mots grecs com- mençant par (j (cf. Thés. '}x^f5aç, ^J/ayetov, etc.). Nous aurions alors t]/iÇo[i.£vr, :r:Tt + (ji!^o|JL£vY] désignant les siffle- ments, ou les essoufllements de certains sanglots. Mais il ne faut pas oublier le sens de téter, sucer, déguster à petits coups qui découle du passage suivant de Stobée, Klor. 78, 5 : [/.aaTov ïi:\.T/p\x.birf A£jx<T) «j'I'Itja y*^*^'^^ • ^^^s lors il est permis de croire qu'en entendant ce mot, les Athéniens ne se privaient pas de songer à des allusions, que confirme le xaTeXîzzavev (aor. 2, avec gém. éol. du ■K due à la résolution de la diphtongue at) de XtTCx{v(>), employé par les comiques et par Aspasie (v. Athénéo — 61 ~ 219 G.), dans une pièce erotique avec le sens de mouil- ler, humecter. Dans la pièce de vers qui nous occupe, la préposition /,x-x en la localisant en bas donne à cette expression un sens équivoque.
From Fragments (7)
Aussi les vrais Grecs n'éprouvèrent-ils jamais le besoin de revenir, avec le digamma, à la barbarie des temps primitifs ; cette idée ne vint en effet qu'aux Latins, le jour où ils regrettèrent l'absence de cette lettre, pour leur propre langue ; ainsi que Quintilien, I, 4, p. 20, nous l'affirme : Des{unt) aliquœ nobis necessariœ lite- rœ, non quum grœca scribimus : (tum enim ab iisdem duas mutuamur) sed proprie in latinis, ut in his, seruiis et uulgiis seolicum digamma desideratur. Voilà où la manie de raffiner avait conduit les patri- ciens romains : non seulement à créer des monstruo- sités comme uniras (pr. ououlgous), mais encore, aveuglés par l'orgueil, plutôt que de revenir à la lettre c, avec laquelle leurs ancêtres avaient depuis longtemps remplacé le digamma, et de prononcer iiolgos, seriios, comme lé faisait encore le peuple, ils désiraient le digamma ! Mais l'empereur Claude eut beau le leur donner, cette lettre était si peu en harmonie avec le» — 74 — oreilles grecques et latines d'alors, qu'elle vécut juste autant que cet empereur. Le décret de Claude n'en créa pas moins un certain mouvement dignmmomane, qu'exas- péra pendant un certain temps la découverte des œu- vres de Corinne. Enfin, quand l'Empire fut devenu grec à Byzance, la passion du diganima universel s'assou- pit, au point qu'il n'en était plus question depuis des siècles, lorsque se produisit en Angleterre a ce queWolff regardait comme une sorte de rêve éclos par hasard, dans la cervelle de Bentley». A. Pierron, Ilom., II. I, p.C. Cet érudit entreprit la réhabilitation du digamma avec d'autant plus de conviction, que sous la forme du W cette lettre paraît foncièrement « anglaise». A cette cause d'erreur, il faut ajouter une certaine incapacité d'appré- cier les finesses de la prononciation grecque, qu'affirme pour Bentley et son école, la Préface d'un Callimaque édité à Londres en 1742. Dans ce document qui affecte les allures d'un manifeste littéraire, l'auteur, qui se rattache étroitement à Bentley en le qualifiant de cla- rissirnus, perspicassissimus... (v. ses notes, p. 9, 14, ...41), conclut en ces termes, au sujet de la question des esprits et des accents : cum vero apices istos adlinere jani consuetudo jubent^ omnesqiie libri typis excusi, paucissimis exceptis., eas habeant ; sic ponamus, si vis, ut cum genuina syllnbàrum quan- titate semper conspirent ; vel si qiiid habent suavita- tis et pulchritiidinis scilicet, locis, r/iios nunc possi- dent, hœre/e patianiur ; contemnnnuis tantuni, duni legimus prosaicos scriptores (Callimaciii..., p. XVI).
From Augustine: A New Biography (2005)
So Augustine stays mainly among his own kind, contenting himself with telling the faithful how they can see the ancient prophecies of the fall of the gods coming true around them.340 His world is Christian, and has been for a while. So in a sermon sometime after 411, he speaks of Donatists who are reluctant to come over out of respect for their elders who had been of the same party, then adds: “Your parents were Christians in the Donatist faction, and maybe their parents were Christians, but their grandparents and great-grandparents were certainly pagan.”341 To get back to those ancestors, we need to go back to the first quarter of the fourth century, almost a hundred years earlier than the time at which Augustine speaks. Hence his disdainful interest in one of the media events of the time, a scene in the modest town of Sufes.342 There, probably in 399 and also connected with the imperial steps taken against “paganism” in that year, a riot broke out in support of the old rites and buildings. Sixty Christians were killed, Augustine claims, and the city council seems to have demanded that it be given its statue of Hercules back. Augustine writes a letter to them for no good reason except to make a public statement of mockery of their ideas and aims. Elsewhere we see similar outbreaks reflected, as Christian mobs run amok on an estate to destroy hated old shrines.343 The “paganism” that Augustine attacks has less to do with old rituals and more to do with his fears about the Christians in front of him and their lingering attachment to ideas and practices that he finds unworthy of them in various ways. So we have Christians who turn their noses up at sermons on the resurrection344 and plenty of Christians who go to enjoy the wild entertainment of the circus,345 and even some who are to be found among the actors and prostitutes of the city of Bulla Regia.346 He imagines another who says, “Okay, so I visit idols in their shrines and pay attention to lunatics and fortune-tellers—but I don’t leave god’s church. I’m a catholic!”347 Augustine can see only “paganism” lingering on under false pretenses. But what are we to make of the boys who go reveling for the feast of John the Baptist, which falls at the summer solstice? The bonfires of that night were scarcely Christian in origin, and we can be sure that they persisted despite the bishop’s disapproval.348
From Augustine: A New Biography (2005)
Though Augustine says the Christianity of Milan meant everything to him, he remained remarkably aloof from churchmen and churchgoing when he returned to Africa. His letters from the period 388–91, when he lived in semiretirement in Tagaste, include not only no sign of contact with the church of his town or province, but also some glancing remarks of disdain. Clergy were objects of some suspicion to him, the laity included “crowds of the ignorant” sunk in backward ways, and if any religious role other than that of curious gentleman appealed to him, it was increasingly that of the monk.399 At the same time, he spoke most naturally in a Platonic vocabulary and said some things that are hard to square at first glance with traditional Christian orthodoxy.400 But his loyalties were still Caecilianist. He was inside their walls in Hippo when he was seized and ordained in 391, having gone there on a visit to pursue a possible convert to the higher life, a government official, notably, and therefore someone likely to be found accepting the call of state-approved religion. Childhood loyalty and official convenience had combined to lead Augustine to the walls that he would defend ever after. We can only really see him enter those walls to stay if we remember how easily it might have been otherwise.
From Augustine: A New Biography (2005)
To be sure, Pelagius was perhaps not quite the right sort: Orosius objects to some of the language of Pelagius’s letter to Demetrias as indecent, but blames it on the misfortune of Pelagius’s upbringing: “for saying this thing neither well nor seemly, we ought not to blame you, since you were not born in such station as to be trained in the finer studies, nor does it come to you naturally to display wisdom.”552 The snobbishness is overt, and in the circles in which Augustine now traveled, a chaplain monk who offended would surely be seen as having transgressed above his station. Pelagius and his followers could afford, because of their prosperity and the security of their class position, to preach against wealth and its evils. Augustine and his flock were not wealthy or well connected enough to follow suit. But what could have made these two men so opposed to one another in doctrinal matters? A traditionalist approach would consider the contextualized history of Pauline interpretation in the Latin world in the late fourth and early fifth century. In a single generation, Paul came to preoccupy the attention of a diverse collection of the best minds of the time, and then to divide them. Augustine himself famously progressed from one view to another, best seen in the way his opinion changed regarding the seventh chapter of Romans—“I delight in the law of god as far as the inner man goes, but I see another law in my bodily limbs, fighting back against the law of my mind and holding me captive under the law of sin that is still in my bodily limbs.”553 Who is speaking? Optimistic and careful readers have always tried to put these words in the voice of a generic seeker after divine help, thinking they describe the plight of the unredeemed. But a more somber reading of the passage, one that began to come on Augustine more and more as he grew older—though few other readers of Paul have found it554—thinks that Paul himself is probably talking, the converted Paul, the redeemed Paul, a Paul still not quite in control of himself. Augustine began to resonate strongly with that view and to see in it the perplexity, the temptation, the loneliness, and the threat of Christian life. Pelagius never took the text that way.555 The same can be said of a few other key passages.556 For Augustine was an outlier in Pauline interpretation. Latin Christendom (including European Protestantism) has been marked since his time by his focus on the knotty issues that perplexed him, but the Greek church has always been less preoccupied by those concerns while still holding Paul in high esteem and reading him more optimistically and finding inspiration in him.557 Augustine preferred to parse the texts as literally as he could and to insist that everything Paul said add up to one systematic and true body of doctrine.
From Augustine: A New Biography (2005)
But failure to recognize the way Augustine uses the “pagan” label to attack Christian practices has misled many modern readers. His attack on the “pagan” practices of feasting in church and at graveside was really an attack on Donatism, and several distinguished figures we encounter in Augustine’s later career who are commonly spoken of as “pagans” prove to be churchgoing Christians of whom Augustine has reason to disapprove. “Pagan” was, like “pinko,” a privileged epithet, shorthand for a basket of disreputable practices, and a substitute for more nuanced argument. Perhaps the closest we get to a true “pagan” is the engaging fellow of whom we hear in a sermon on John’s gospel in the early 400s.349 As best we can tell from Augustine’s label for him, he was a priest of the old god Attis, and wore the “Phrygian cap” as a sign of office. He had the mother wit to claim that his god was really Christian, and Augustine suggests that others had added the name of Christ to their spells and chants, adding honey to their poison to seduce the unwary. Very likely. Other contemporaries could see things ambiguously as well. Calama was a modest city not far from Hippo, in fact the closest respectable town. The suspension of traditional rites after 391 and the forced overturning of traditional shrines and facilities after 399 were unprecedented acts of interference from outside in local habits. Around 408, Augustine began to hear from a local dignitary named Nectarius whose position is easy to mistake. He is generally taken as a “pagan,” but on careful reading he emerges as a perfectly ordinary Christian whose main allegiances are not religious but social. He writes to Augustine in dismay,350 appealing to him gentleman to gentleman and particularly as one educated man to another, implicitly encouraging Augustine to intervene on the side of the established order to protect the old ways and the old institutions. The bishop’s social position was such that a request of that kind seemed worth bringing to him, even if we know with hindsight that Augustine would reject it. Augustine was the one who dragged religion (which Nectarius left discreetly unmentioned) into the conversation.351 As he would often do later, Augustine sought to carve out a space for Christianity that was both dignified and classical on the one hand and unyielding on the other. He addressed Nectarius as the son of a Christian and as a gentleman,352 pointedly calling him brother (frater, usually reserved for Christian correspondents) and brought a full panoply of Ciceronian and Terentian references to bear. Like his master and model, Ambrose, Augustine insisted that Christian Romans do everything worthy and dignified that their classical forebears had done, and more and better besides.
From Fragments (7)
liniser son nom en hj^bridant un mot grec avec un article égyptien. Cela ne se concevrait même pas de sa part, au iv« siècle ; tandis que chez les comiques d'Athè- nes, c'était un moyen infaillible de déshonorer une femme : parce que^aW.) éol. = Ta^wv att. (masc. et fém.), comme nous le démontrons plus loin. C'est de là que nous vient la Sappho prétendue hermaphrodite, dont nous avons retrouvé la trace dans Lilius Gyraldus (v. SF., p. 53 et 70). Mais si le ms. P. Dion., Haï. et A., Epitom., nous donnent tj/açiet '|a6 erreur évidente pour tlix<f). Eh bien, il y a là une indication dont il faut tenir compte : en effet Strabon, IX, 399, nous apprend l'exis- tence d'un bourg d'Athènes appelé Psaphis : ^Façlç -^ Twv 'QpoTTiwv de la tribu^Eantide ; que nous allons retrou- ver dans Bseckh Insciipt. 275, 36, p. 382 : Apîjxwv, ^^oi<fi. i. e. ^aç'So; et Id. C. Inscr. vol. 111, p. 20: Vaçwv. Or *Fa(fwv att. : ^xfiù éol. zzzàiQÎwv :àr,3ô) (pour ce dernier, cf. Suidas et Sophocle Aj. 638 et sa scholie). Il est par- faitement rationnel de supposer que le mouvement féministe éclata d'abord dans quelque coin campagnard de l'Attique : parce que les travaux des champs égali- sent un peu plus les sexes. En tout cas, pour enrayer cette émancipation, et la ruiner dans l'esprit des foules, il était naturel de représenter ce mouvement comme campagnard, et restreint à un misérable bourg de la contrée. Mais le mouvement ne devait pas tarder à prendre de l'extension, et la Psapho de Psaphis fit bientôt place à Atthis, qui sous la plume d'Alexis per- sonnifia toute l'Attique. Néanmoins la lutte devenant de plus en plus ardente, tous ces petits moyens furent bientôt insuffisants ; pour réveiller le peuple d'Athènes, il fallut lui montrer que ses intérêts étaient en jeu. Et comme Aristophanes, dans les ovtTivi; xaTa)a|x6iv3j(Tat, avait montré les f(;mme8 s'emparent des places au théAtre, dans les Ecclesiazu^ — es- ses, Praxagora guidant les femmes à la prise de l'Agora, la progression devait amener les comiques à représen- les femmes cherchant à s'emparer de la Justice : parce que les Guêpes d'Aristophanes nous prouvent qu'il n'était rien dont les Athéniens fussent plus jaloux que de leur prérogative de juger ; attendu que la plupart d'entre eux n'avait pas d'autres moyens d'existence. Eh bien, de cette pièce nous avons au moins le titre ; pourquoi les A'./.aTTa'i de Thugénidès ne marcheraient- elles pas à l'assaut de la justice, sous la conduite d'une Ta<pô) éol. z=: ^\(fiù^ att. de '^îîfoç, petit caillou dont les juges se servaient pour voter, et qui dès lors était tout à fait qualifié pour personnifier comiquement leur justice ? xâjxo6ev \\u [/.vaToO'] le ms. porte [i.=[Ava'.a6', assez embar- rassant comme parfait ; tandis que la division du mot en dégageant ;jlc, nous dispense de créer son équiva- lent : ce qui ne pourrait se faire qu'en altérant la leçon /.ijjLcOîv du ms.
From Fragments (7)
N'oublions pas de remarquer que pour émettre, à cette époque, de pareilles énormités, on gardait encore l'anonyme. Mais il faut croire que le terrain, en Angle- terre, était naturellement bien disposé ou fut bientôt préparé, car, en 1745, Rich. Dawes afficha « l'habitude » de se passer de ces esprits, de ces accents, apices istos, qui, pour lui, en présence du W anglais, étaient désor- mais inutiles (v. D'Orville, Animadv. in Charit. Aphrod. tom. II, Mb. II, 6, p. 191 102: Rirh. Dfnvesiiisin observ. Afiscel... p. /8.5... ex-Homero Od. ; *>'f^ rescribens ivOp(i')Trcu; èt/ôpY»', sive suo more iwiw'M^^fv....). Il est évident qu'après cela, il n'est mf^mo plus besoin de 1-lliade de Poine Knight pour autopiser le digamma vo aeolicum seu potius anglicum de Boissonade. Mais pendant que les hellénistes français s'en tiraient avec cette boutade, les Allemands qui, depuis le xviii^ siècle, sous les ordres de leurs libraires, se contentaient de reéditer plus ou moins fidèlement les éditions anglai- ses, finirent, à ce jeu, par attraper le digamma ; qui ne parait pas devoir les lâcher, avant que le stock des livres qu'il a contaminés, ne soit épuisé en librairie. En somme, pour apprécier l'harmonie de la langue grecque, et comprendre la barbarie du digamma, il faut des oreilles qui ne soient ni anglaises, ni allemandes, ni purement françaises : à moins qu'elles n'aient corrigé leur imperfection originelle, en entendant parler devrais Grecs, ou à défaut, des anciens colons grecs qui, bien que parlant aujourd'hui une autre langue, ont gardé pour la prononcer, les anciennes intonations de la lan- gue grecque. Tels sont les purs Gascons, auxquels nous allons demander de nous traduire, en leur dialecte, cette simple phrase : « Entends, Marie, que ton fils a cassé un œuf. » Seulement comme leur langue se chante plu- tôt qu'elle ne se parle, leur traduction n'aurait plus de sel , si nous ne la figurions pas de la manière suivante : tV ^ fy ^^ < ' VV il L ••i 'l »' • ' On le voit cette phrase a ses mots marqués des esprits et des accents grecs. La voici en orthographe du pays : AhoUy Maria, que tou Ml a coupai uh houèou. Ce qui nous sert à démontrer que l'esprit rude est l'aspiration avant, et l'esprit doux, l'aspiration après la lettre. Dans cette dernière position, raspiration paraît s'adoucir, parce qu'une partie de sa force est absorbée dans l'émission de la lettre qui suit. Tout cela n'a rien de commun avec le W anglais, qu'on s'accorde, bien à tort, à reconnaître comme l'équivalent du di- gamma. De plus, puisque Qiiintilien dit que, pour le — 76 —
From Fragments (7)
mais, en plus des distractions habituelles à cet auteur ou à ses copistes, il faut remarquer que, dans ce pas- sage, où il n'est question que de comédiens et de comédies, les personnages des auteurs lyriques, Sappho et Alcée, sont fort déplacés. Passe encore pour Alcée, parce que « Alcœi melici pœtœ nomen a comico non semper certe distinguere licet. » Et, en effet, il est certainement question ici du comique, car un peu plus loin Athénée, 687 D, ayant à parler du poète lyrique, le différencie nettement en ces termes : xal 6 ànipv.i'.x-.zi 8à r.pzziv, îà xal T.o'f.vj.':/.zq -c.t.tt,; Wr/.otXc^ è'ît;. Quant à Sappho, puisque c'est la pièce que nous étudions qui est visée, il faut bien reconnaître : ou bien que, de même qu'on a de tout temps « cousu des haillons à la pourpre des grands, » de même on a fini par glisser subrepticement des pastiches plus ou moins éoliens dans les œuvres de Sappho. Et cela datait de loin, puisque, d'après Athénée lui-même XIII, 599 C, Cha- méléon ou Hermésianax avaient fabriqué des strophes d'Anacréon (Fr. 14), adressées à Sappho ; et ce qui était un comble, une prétendue réponse de Sappho (Fr. 26), parlant du « noble vieillard de Téos » ! Ou bien qu'Athénée, qui n'en est pas à une confu- sion de noms près, a pris, pour la poétesse elle-même, le nom d'une des six comédies intitulées Sappho. A moins que de son temps il n'existât déjà, interpolée dans le bagage poétique de cette dernière, cette poésie dramatique dont parle Etienne de Byzance, en termes qui paraissent, jusqu'à un certain point, avoir entraîné la conviction de Welcker : « Non tamen omnem fidem denegat (Welcker Stephano (magistello Byzantino) narranti de carminé dramatico Sapphus, in quo Alcaeus, sive alius quis, cum puella amata sermones seruerit.» Bergk III, 99. Quoi qu'il en soit, comme personne avant nous, n'avait -66- soupçonné les rapports posthumes de Sappho avec le mouvement féministe d'Athènes, Welker ne pouvait pas encore deviner la portée des paroles d'Etienne de Byzance ; tandis qu'avec la même ignorance forcée, et un parti-pris diamétralement opposé aux opinions de AVeIcker, Bergk, à défaut de preuves, essayait du mépris pour annihiler le Byzantin et son témoignage. Mais dorénavant il sera impossible de ne pas attribuer aux paroles d'Etienne de Byzance l'importance qu'elles méritent : elles constitueront désormais une nouvelle preuve formelle de l'intrusion des parodies dans les œuvres de Sappho. Nous ne pensons pas, en eflet, qu'il puisse venir à l'idée de quelqu'un, de soutenir sérieu- sement que notre poétesse avait réellement composé une tragédie, une comédie, ou même un dialogue dra- matique quelconque : attendu que, dans cette hypothèse, elle aurait, de beaucoup trop, devancé l'époque où vit le jour, pour la première fois, ce genre de productions poétiques. De même la confusion que nous venons de signaler dans Athénée, est pour notre point de vue éminemment suggestive.